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In 1869, the Illinois state legislature established the West Park Commission, which was responsible for three large parks and interlinking boulevards. Later that year, the commissioners named the southernmost park in honor of Stephen A. Douglas (1813-1861). Best remembered for his pre-Civil War presidential defeat by Abraham Lincoln despite superb oratorical skills, Douglas was a United States Senator who helped bring the Illinois Central Railroad to Chicago.

From 1870-1879 the West Park District acquired land for the park from multiple individuals and the City of Chicago.  In 1871, designer William Le Baron Jenney completed plans for the entire West Park System which included Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt parks. Jenney's engineering expertise was especially helpful for transforming the park's "poor" natural site into parkland. He had sand and manure from the Chicago Stock Yards added to the marshy site.

In the center of the landscape, Jenney created a picturesque lake. A small section of the park was formally opened in 1879. In 1895, members of several German turners' clubs petitioned for an outdoor gymnasium in the park. The following year, this resulted in the construction of one of Chicago's first public facilities with outdoor gymnasium, swimming pool and natatorium.

By the turn of the century, the West Park Commission was riddled with political graft, and the three parks became dilapidated. As part of a reform effort in 1905, Jens Jensen was appointed as General Superintendent and Chief Landscape Architect for the entire West Park System. Jensen, now recognized as Dean of the Prairie style of landscape architecture, improved deteriorating sections of the parks and added new features.

Among Jensen's improvements were a semi-circular entryway at Marshall Blvd., and a formal garden at the corner of Ogden Ave. and Sacremento Dr. By the time Jensen designed the garden, Ogden Avenue, a diagonal roadway with a major streetcar thoroughfare, had already been constructed. The road divided the park into two separate landscapes, creating a busy intersection at the juncture of Ogden and Sacramento Avenues. Jensen's solution was a long axial garden on the southeast side of the intersection, providing a buffer between Ogden Ave. and playfields to the south.

At the entrance to the garden, the area closest to the busy roadway intersection, Jensen placed a monumental garden shelter, known as Flower Hall, and a formal reflecting pool. The designer of the structure is unknown, however, it was possibly Jensen himself, or his friend, Prairie School architect Hugh Garden. East of the building, the garden becomes more naturalistic. Jensen included perennial beds, a lily pool, and unique Prairie-style benches.

In 1928, the West Park Commission constructed a fieldhouse in the park. The structure was designed by architects Michaelsen and Rognstad, who were also responsible for other notable buildings including the Garfield Park Gold Dome Building, the Humboldt and LaFolette Park Fieldhouses, and the On Leong Chinese Merchant's Association Building in Chinatown.

In 1934, Douglas Park became part of the �첥��Ƶ, when the City's 22 independent park commissions merged into a single citywide agency.

On September 9, 2020, the �첥��Ƶ Board of Commissioners voted to officially remove the name of Stephen Douglas from the park, and on November 18, 2020, the Board voted to officially name the park in honor of Anna and Frederick Douglass.  The community requested the park be renamed to honor two historical abolitionists, Anna Murray Douglass and Fredrick Douglass. 

In 1818, Frederick Douglass was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, of mixed race, into slavery on the eastern shore of Maryland.  After Douglass taught himself to read and write, he found work at the docks in Baltimore.  It was there he met a free black woman named Anna Murray.  She had been born free, to parents who were former slaves.  Ms. Murray worked as a laundress and a housekeeper, gaining independent financial security for herself.  She provided funds to Frederick, which he used to disguise himself as a sailor and escaped slavery.  Ms. Murray shortly followed Frederick to New York, where they married and established a household.  When they later settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and in an effort to hide his identity, he dropped his middle name, and they changed their last name to Douglass.  Throughout their 44-year marriage, Anna provided the support system for Frederick’s growing work as an orator and abolitionist, maintaining their household and raising their five children.   

Douglass began reading The Liberator, an abolitionist publication, and began attending abolitionist meetings. Thereafter, the Anti-Slavery Society hired Douglass as a paid lecturer.  This was his beginning as an orator; he would become one of the most famous orators of his time.  He focused on the abolishment of slavery, the promoting of the moral and intellectual improvement of colored people, and women’s rights. Frederick Douglass also wrote two autobiographies Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and My Bondage and My Freedom. 

Douglass knew that the Emancipation Proclamation was a revolutionary document. In 1865, Douglass attended Lincoln’s second Inaugural Speech, and often quoted from the speech.  Upon hearing of Lincoln’s death, Douglass was said to feel the death as both a personal and national calamity.